German Perfekt:
haben or sein?

To talk about the past in German, you need Perfekt. The good news: just two auxiliary verbs and one rule to master.

πŸ“š Reading time: ~8 min Β· A2 level

haben
auxiliary verb 1
/
sein
auxiliary verb 2
+
Partizip II
verb at the end

In English, you form the past tense by changing the verb: "I went", "I ate", "I saw". In German, spoken past tense is formed differently using the Perfekt construction β€” which is used in everyday conversation (while PrΓ€teritum is used mostly in writing).

The formula is simple: auxiliary verb (haben or sein) + Partizip II.

The rule: Perfekt = haben/sein (conjugated, position 2) + Partizip II (end of sentence)

Example: Ich habe ein Buch gelesen. / Ich bin nach Hause gegangen.


How to Form Partizip II

Partizip II is the past participle form of a verb. There are two types:

Regular Verbs: ge- + stem + -t

Irregular Verbs: ge- + changed stem + -en

Infinitive Partizip II Type
machengemachtregular
kaufengekauftregular
spielengespieltregular
gehengegangenirregular
sehengesehenirregular
fahrengefahrenirregular
essengegessenirregular
trinkengetrunkenirregular
schreibengeschriebenirregular
lesengelesenirregular

haben or sein?

This is the most common question. Here is the practical answer:

haben

  • essen β€” to eat
  • kaufen β€” to buy
  • machen β€” to do/make
  • sehen β€” to see
  • lesen β€” to read
  • trinken β€” to drink
  • arbeiten β€” to work

sein

  • gehen β€” to go
  • kommen β€” to come
  • fahren β€” to drive/travel
  • laufen β€” to run
  • fliegen β€” to fly
  • werden β€” to become
  • sein β€” to be
  • bleiben β€” to stay

The rule: Verbs of movement or change of state β†’ sein. All others β†’ haben.

⚠️ Watch out: The Perfekt of "sein" (to be) is "ich bin gewesen" β€” both the auxiliary verb and the Partizip II come from the same verb. Irregular but very common.


Sentence Structure

The auxiliary verb (blue) is in position 2, and Partizip II (orange) goes to the end:


haben Conjugation (for Perfekt)

Personhaben
ichhabe
duhast
er / sie / eshat
wirhaben
ihrhabt
sie / Siehaben

sein Conjugation (for Perfekt)

Personsein
ichbin
dubist
er / sie / esist
wirsind
ihrseid
sie / Siesind

🎯

Movement = sein

Verbs like "gehen, fahren, laufen, fliegen" all indicate movement from one place to another β€” they always take sein.

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Group the Irregulars

The ge-…-en pattern is the hallmark of irregular Partizip II. Learn them in groups: gegangen, gefahren, gesehen.

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Perfekt in Conversation

In everyday spoken German, always use Perfekt for the past. PrΓ€teritum is for writing and storytelling.

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sein + bleiben + werden

Memorize these three: ich bin gewesen, ich bin geblieben, ich bin geworden. State verbs that take sein.

Test Yourself

Fill in the blanks:

Ich ___ gestern ins Kino ___.
βœ“ bin … gegangen (sein + gehen β†’ gegangen)

Practice Past Tense Through Real Conversations

Build Perfekt sentences in DeutschGo's AI chat module and get instant feedback.

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